Main Article Content
Abstract
Motivation is key to engaging students in studying mathematics and in improving their mathematics achievement. Although the related literature has explored the correlation between motivation and mathematics achievement, a research gap remains in terms of the empirical testing of these variables in the context of mathematics education in Vietnam. Thus, the current study aims to fill this gap by empirically testing the correlation between mathematics motivation and mathematics achievement among high school graduate students in Vietnam, using a quantitative approach to test hypotheses. The study adopted the Academic Motivation Toward Mathematics Scale for collecting data from students and received 680 responses. The main study findings are that amotivation negatively correlates with mathematics achievement, whereas introjected regulation, identified regulation and intrinsic motivation positively correlate with mathematics achievement. These findings provide a strong theoretical foundation for improving mathematics achievement by encouraging teachers to improve motivational conditions in mathematics classes in Vietnam.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Aeschlimann, B., Herzog, W., & Makarova, E. (2016). How to foster students’ motivation in mathematics and science classes and promote students’ STEM career choice. A study in Swiss high schools. International Journal of Educational Research, 79, 31-41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.06.004
- Ahmed, W., Minnaert, A., van der Werf, G., & Kuyper, H. (2010). Perceived social support and early adolescents’ achievement: The mediational roles of motivational beliefs and emotions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(1), 36-46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9367-7
- Attard, C., Ingram, N., Forgasz, H., Leder, G., & Grootenboer, P. (2016). Mathematics education and the affective domain. In K. Makar, S. Dole, J. Visnovska, M. Goos, A. Bennison, & K. Fry (Eds.), Research in Mathematics Education in Australia 2012-2015. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1419-2_5
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. London: Prentice-Hall.
- Barkoukis, V., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Grouios, G., & Sideridis, G. (2008). The assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and amotivation: Validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Academic Motivation Scale. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 15(1), 39-55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940701876128
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation and self-determination. In E. L. Deci, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior (pp. 11-40). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7_2
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01
- Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4), 325-346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653137
- Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the Measurement of Achievement Goals: Critique, Illustration, and Application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 613-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613
- Flammer, A., & Schmid, D. (2003). Attribution of conditions for school performance. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18(4), 337-355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173240
- Gottfried, A. E., Marcoulides, G. A., Gottfried, A. W., Oliver, P. H., & Guerin, D. W. (2007). Multivariate latent change modeling of developmental decline in academic intrinsic math motivation and achievement: Childhood through adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(4), 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407077752
- Grolnick, W. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1991). Inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children's perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 508-517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.83.4.508
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Ebscohost. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (Seventh, Pearson new international ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
- Hannula, M. S. (2006). Motivation in mathematics: Goals reflected in emotions. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 63(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-005-9019-8
- Herges, R. M., Duffied, S., Martin, W., & Wageman, J. (2017). Motivation and achievement of middle school mathematics students. The Mathematics Educator, 26(1), 83-106. https://ojs01.galib.uga.edu/tme/article/download/2027/1932
- Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications. California: Sage Publications.
- Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications.
- Lim, S. Y., & Chapman, E. (2015a). Adapting the academic motivation scale for use in pre-tertiary mathematics classrooms. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 27(3), 331-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-014-0140-9
- Lim, S. Y., & Chapman, E. (2015b). Identifying affective domains that correlate and predict mathematics performance in high-performing students in Singapore. Educational Psychology, 35(6), 747-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.860221
- Maehr, M. L., & Zusho, A. (2009). Achievement goal theory: The past, present, and future. In K. R. Wenzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation at School (pp. 77-104). London: Routledge
- OECD. (2018). PISA 2015 Results in Focus. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf
- Pantziara, M., & Philippou, G. N. (2015). Students’ motivation in the mathematics classroom. Revealing causes and consequences. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(2), 385-411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-013-9502-0
- Patrick, H., Kaplan, A., & Ryan, A. M. (2011). Positive classroom motivational environments: Convergence between mastery goal structure and classroom social climate. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(2), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023311
- Pintrich, P. R. (1991). A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Michigan: The University of Michigan. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED338122.pdf
- Polychroni, F., Hatzichristou, C., & Sideridis, G. (2012). The role of goal orientations and goal structures in explaining classroom social and affective characteristics. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(2), 207-217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.10.005
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68
- Skaalvik, E. M., Federici, R. A., Wigfield, A., & Tangen, T. N. (2017). Students’ perceptions of mathematics classroom goal structures: implications for perceived task values and study behavior. Social Psychology of Education, 20(3), 543-563. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9382-1
- Sproule, J., Wang, C. J., Morgan, K., McNeill, M., & McMorris, T. (2007). Effects of motivational climate in Singaporean physical education lessons on intrinsic motivation and physical activity intention. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5), 1037-1049. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.017
- Svinicki, M. (2010). Fostering a mastery goal orientation in the classroom. U SA Meyers i JR Stowell (Ur.). Essays from E-xcellence in Teaching, 9, 25-28.
- Tiwari, V., Tiwari, P., & Sharma, K. (2014). Academic motivation and school performance among students. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 5(4), 437-441.
- Tran, L. T., & Nguyen, T. S. (2020). Mathematics motivation in developing countries: A Vietnamese case study. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computers in Education. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, (Vol. 2, pp. 411-417)
- Vallerand, R. J., & Blssonnette, R. (1992). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. Journal of Personality, 60(3), 599-620. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x
- Wang, J. C., Hagger, M., & Liu, W. C. (2009). A cross-cultural validation of perceived locus of causality scale in physical education context. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), 313-325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599566
- Wolters, C. A. (2004). Advancing achievement goal theory: Using goal structures and goal orientations to predict students' motivation, cognition, and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 236-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.2.236
- Woolley, M. E., Strutchens, M., Gilbert, M. C., & Martin, W. G. (2010). Mathematics success of Black middle school students: Direct and indirect effects of teacher expectations and reform practices. Negro Educational Review, 61(1-4), 41-59.
References
Aeschlimann, B., Herzog, W., & Makarova, E. (2016). How to foster students’ motivation in mathematics and science classes and promote students’ STEM career choice. A study in Swiss high schools. International Journal of Educational Research, 79, 31-41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.06.004
Ahmed, W., Minnaert, A., van der Werf, G., & Kuyper, H. (2010). Perceived social support and early adolescents’ achievement: The mediational roles of motivational beliefs and emotions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(1), 36-46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9367-7
Attard, C., Ingram, N., Forgasz, H., Leder, G., & Grootenboer, P. (2016). Mathematics education and the affective domain. In K. Makar, S. Dole, J. Visnovska, M. Goos, A. Bennison, & K. Fry (Eds.), Research in Mathematics Education in Australia 2012-2015. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1419-2_5
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. London: Prentice-Hall.
Barkoukis, V., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Grouios, G., & Sideridis, G. (2008). The assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and amotivation: Validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Academic Motivation Scale. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 15(1), 39-55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940701876128
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation and self-determination. In E. L. Deci, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior (pp. 11-40). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7_2
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01
Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4), 325-346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653137
Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the Measurement of Achievement Goals: Critique, Illustration, and Application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 613-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613
Flammer, A., & Schmid, D. (2003). Attribution of conditions for school performance. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18(4), 337-355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173240
Gottfried, A. E., Marcoulides, G. A., Gottfried, A. W., Oliver, P. H., & Guerin, D. W. (2007). Multivariate latent change modeling of developmental decline in academic intrinsic math motivation and achievement: Childhood through adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(4), 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407077752
Grolnick, W. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1991). Inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children's perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 508-517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.83.4.508
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Ebscohost. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (Seventh, Pearson new international ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
Hannula, M. S. (2006). Motivation in mathematics: Goals reflected in emotions. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 63(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-005-9019-8
Herges, R. M., Duffied, S., Martin, W., & Wageman, J. (2017). Motivation and achievement of middle school mathematics students. The Mathematics Educator, 26(1), 83-106. https://ojs01.galib.uga.edu/tme/article/download/2027/1932
Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications. California: Sage Publications.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications.
Lim, S. Y., & Chapman, E. (2015a). Adapting the academic motivation scale for use in pre-tertiary mathematics classrooms. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 27(3), 331-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-014-0140-9
Lim, S. Y., & Chapman, E. (2015b). Identifying affective domains that correlate and predict mathematics performance in high-performing students in Singapore. Educational Psychology, 35(6), 747-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.860221
Maehr, M. L., & Zusho, A. (2009). Achievement goal theory: The past, present, and future. In K. R. Wenzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation at School (pp. 77-104). London: Routledge
OECD. (2018). PISA 2015 Results in Focus. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf
Pantziara, M., & Philippou, G. N. (2015). Students’ motivation in the mathematics classroom. Revealing causes and consequences. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(2), 385-411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-013-9502-0
Patrick, H., Kaplan, A., & Ryan, A. M. (2011). Positive classroom motivational environments: Convergence between mastery goal structure and classroom social climate. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(2), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023311
Pintrich, P. R. (1991). A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Michigan: The University of Michigan. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED338122.pdf
Polychroni, F., Hatzichristou, C., & Sideridis, G. (2012). The role of goal orientations and goal structures in explaining classroom social and affective characteristics. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(2), 207-217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.10.005
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68
Skaalvik, E. M., Federici, R. A., Wigfield, A., & Tangen, T. N. (2017). Students’ perceptions of mathematics classroom goal structures: implications for perceived task values and study behavior. Social Psychology of Education, 20(3), 543-563. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9382-1
Sproule, J., Wang, C. J., Morgan, K., McNeill, M., & McMorris, T. (2007). Effects of motivational climate in Singaporean physical education lessons on intrinsic motivation and physical activity intention. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5), 1037-1049. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.017
Svinicki, M. (2010). Fostering a mastery goal orientation in the classroom. U SA Meyers i JR Stowell (Ur.). Essays from E-xcellence in Teaching, 9, 25-28.
Tiwari, V., Tiwari, P., & Sharma, K. (2014). Academic motivation and school performance among students. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 5(4), 437-441.
Tran, L. T., & Nguyen, T. S. (2020). Mathematics motivation in developing countries: A Vietnamese case study. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computers in Education. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, (Vol. 2, pp. 411-417)
Vallerand, R. J., & Blssonnette, R. (1992). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. Journal of Personality, 60(3), 599-620. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x
Wang, J. C., Hagger, M., & Liu, W. C. (2009). A cross-cultural validation of perceived locus of causality scale in physical education context. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), 313-325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599566
Wolters, C. A. (2004). Advancing achievement goal theory: Using goal structures and goal orientations to predict students' motivation, cognition, and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 236-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.2.236
Woolley, M. E., Strutchens, M., Gilbert, M. C., & Martin, W. G. (2010). Mathematics success of Black middle school students: Direct and indirect effects of teacher expectations and reform practices. Negro Educational Review, 61(1-4), 41-59.